Abstract
Background: Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in infants, characterized by inflammation and fluid buildup in the alveoli. Smoking indoors is a risk factor. Objective: To determine the relationship between smoking habits of family members and the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers aged 1–5 years in Sidomulyo Semen Village. Method: The study used a correlational study with a case-control approach, conducted in February 2025. A sample of 34 toddlers was selected through purposive sampling with inclusion criteria of toddlers aged 1–5 years old recorded in the medical records of the Semen Community Health Center, domiciled in Sidomulyo Village, both toddlers with a history of pneumonia and not, and their families willing to be respondents. Exclusion criteria included toddlers who moved domicile during the study, families who refused to be respondents and data that did not match the medical records. Data collection used questionnaires and secondary data. Data analysis used the t-test.Chi-Square. Results: 38.2% smoked always, 32.4% smoked rarely, and 29.4% smoked frequently. Test resultsChi-squareshow valuep-valueof 0.006 (p < 0.05) and the valueodds ratio of 1,143. Conclusion: There is a significant association between family members' smoking habits and the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers, with a 1.1-fold increased risk of developing pneumonia. Recommendation: This can be used as a basis for education in educational institutions and community health centers, as well as increasing public awareness of the dangers of cigarette smoke to toddler health.
